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Conclusion

Circumcision may indeed biologically prevent the spread of HIV, but observational studies and only three randomized controlled trials is hardly evidence enough for mass circumcision campaigns. It is not the circumcision itself that is so disturbing (assuming that proper consent is obtained and there is no coercion), but rather the carelessness and desperation of the education provided to males. Providing education that shows males throwing away condoms after getting circumcised, for instance, is extremely misleading and damaging.

There is good evidence that circumcision may help prevent male-to-male or female-to-male circumcision. However, it appears that the WHO, UNAIDS, and PEPFAR, as well as many other organizations, may have designed health campaigns too quickly and with poor attention to intervention outcomes. In order to precede properly from here, educational materials must be revised to present a more accurate image of HIV and circumcision. If this is not done, we will surely see no changes or even an increase in HIV rates in the years following mass circumcision.